Cyber Threats

What is a Pass-the-Hash Attack? A pass-the-hash (PtH) attack is a type of cyberattack in which an attacker captures a user’s password hash and uses it to authenticate to a network or system, bypassing the need to know the actual plaintext password. Instead of cracking the hash, the attacker “passes” it directly to authenticate as…

What is a teardrop attack in cybersecurity? A teardrop attack is a type of Denial-of-Service (DoS) attack that exploits vulnerabilities in how operating systems handle fragmented IP packets. When large packets are transmitted over a network, they are often split into smaller fragments to accommodate network size limitations. These fragments are then reassembled at the…

What is polymorphic malware and how does it work? Polymorphic malware is a type of malicious software that continuously changes its code or appearance to evade detection by traditional antivirus and security tools. The term “polymorphic” stems from its ability to take on different “forms” while maintaining its core malicious functionality. Unlike static malware, which…

What is a packet fragmentation attack? A packet fragmentation attack is a type of network exploit where attackers deliberately manipulate the fragmentation of IP packets to bypass security controls or disrupt systems. Packet fragmentation itself is a legitimate process in networking, designed to ensure that large packets can traverse networks with smaller Maximum Transmission Units…

What is a watering hole attack and how does it work? A watering hole attack is a cyberattack strategy in which hackers compromise a website or service frequently visited by their target audience. Instead of directly attacking the intended victims, attackers identify “watering holes” – websites or online platforms that specific individuals or groups commonly…

What is pharming? Pharming is a cyberattack technique where attackers redirect users from legitimate websites to fraudulent ones, often without their knowledge, to steal sensitive information like usernames, passwords, or financial details. It manipulates the way internet traffic is directed, typically targeting the Domain Name System (DNS) or local host files. How Pharming Works: DNS…

What is a web shell?  A web shell is a malicious script or program that attackers upload to a web server to gain remote control over the server and its underlying systems. Web shells are commonly used in cyberattacks to exploit vulnerabilities in web applications or misconfigured servers. Once installed, they allow attackers to execute…

What is bluesnarfing, and how does it work? Bluesnarfing is a type of cyberattack that exploits Bluetooth technology to access sensitive information stored on a device without the owner’s knowledge or consent. It’s similar to Bluetooth hacking but focuses on data theft rather than control or manipulation. Bluesnarfing typically occurs when an attacker uses software…

What is bluejacking, and how does it work? Bluejacking is the act of sending unsolicited messages to nearby devices using Bluetooth technology. It’s often considered a prank rather than a malicious attack, as it doesn’t involve hacking or unauthorized access to data. To understand how it works, you need to know that Bluetooth enables short-range…

What is data exfiltration and how does it happen? Data exfiltration, also known as data theft or unauthorized data transfer, occurs when sensitive or critical information is transferred out of an organization without permission. It is a common tactic in cyberattacks, often involving the theft of intellectual property, financial data, personal information, or trade secrets.…

What is Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) and how does it work? Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) is a web security vulnerability that tricks an authenticated user into performing unwanted actions on a web application. By exploiting the trust a site has in the user’s browser, an attacker can send unauthorized requests on behalf of the victim…

What is a whaling attack in cybersecurity, and how does it differ from phishing? A whaling attack is a specialized form of phishing that targets high-ranking individuals within an organization, such as CEOs, CFOs, or other senior executives. While standard phishing campaigns cast a wide net, aiming to trick any recipient into revealing sensitive information…